The Scope of Application of Fair Trial Rights in Criminal Matters-Comparing ICCPR with Chinese Law

The definition of “criminal charge” determines the scope of application of fair trial rights. In definition of “criminal charge”, the way of autonomous interpretation is adopted in order to avoid the national authorities evading the obligations of guaranteeing fair trial rights. China has a considerable number of administrative sanctions that may belong to “criminal” category. The preliminary investigation before the initiation of criminal proceedings in China amounts to “charge”. When ratifying ICCPR, China should make reservations concerning applying fair trial rights in correction of illegal conducts through education and other serious administrative sanctions, and reform the preliminary investigation system and case filing system to make the preliminary investigation be the sign of initiation of criminal proceedings.

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Challenges of the Informal Job Sector in India: Needs Government Intervention

Indian economy is very vivid and diversified that agriculture, cottage industries, handicrafts and large scale industries co-exist, While the formal sector enjoys huge benefits including the government recognition, secured pay scales, leaves and other employment benefits, informal sector consisting individual and small scale operations suffer from multiple challenges including job insecurity, social insecurity, instability, migration, child labour, and exploitation of working women. As the informal sector remained as a employment for many, government of India must initiate programmes to streamline this sector in order to provide job security and the other employment benfits.

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