Longevity of the Military Hard Core: The Case of the Turkish Republic

The officer’s record consists of two hyphenated numbers, the first of which is the graduation-and-commission date. The second number reflects the academic standing: The more successful the graduate as far as his cumulative course average is concerned; the smaller is the second number.
In this research, the vast majority of the data involve graduates of the war colleges. It is namely those educative institutions which provide the officer corps to the armed forces. The army college is the equivalent of America’s west point. Gendarme officers come from the same source. The naval war college is the US air force academy located at Colorado springs. In Turkey the army is the biggest force and sometimes merely the word army comes to denote the entire armed forces.

The Ambiguity of Hygiene and Taste-Focusing on the Fish-Farming Industry in Vietnam

Humankind has always existed in the natural environment. But the ways in which humans relate with it vary significantly in conjunction with cultural and historical contexts. In the pre-industrial society, humans had a reciprocal relationship with nature. However, in the modern industrial society, nature has become the object of control and extraction. This trend is also apparent in modern aquaculture. It has been developing for the mass consumer market, where farmers have been controlling nature to increase productivity. They use artificially hatched fry, industrially produced feed to increase productivity, chemicals to sterilize, and antibiotics to cure fish diseases.

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Usage of Mobile by Female Students in University India

This study surveyed the utility of cell phone among female students of Amity University (AU) studying in Amity School of Communications. The study applying both quantitative and qualitative methodology was done on 33 participants. Findings indicate that Amity University female students use their cell phones for receiving calls, chatting, visits to social media, watch video, contacting new and old friends and sending message to gratify their specific needs.

They contacted parents, relatives, friend and others, too. Findings show female students use their cell phone maximally for direct call, chatting or texting, information searching on internet, internet calling, for capturing events, receiving incoming video calls, for editing home photos, sending message with pictures, and browsing internet. The researcher also found some negative fall outs while using cell phones like Internet poor connectivity and Wi-Fi problem, time consumption, addiction to cell phone, false or fabricated information postings and unknown sources tagging unwanted material like pornography.

Does the Destructive Leader Behavior Deter the Individual’s work related Attitude?

Several research studies have emphasized the role of destructive leadership on the performance of the employees and organization at large. None of these studies however were based on the military forces. A rare study on the destructive leader behavior on the individual’s work- related attitude and feelings among the Norwegian armed forces reveals that despite frequent daunting and destructive behaviour of the leader the individuals in the armed forces could withstand their determination and honor their commitments. The study focused mainly on three important elements viz, Burnout, (2) Work Engagement, and (3) Organizational Commitment. Though burnout is an ordinary phenomenon, the members could meet their commitments.

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Dental Caries: A Problem of low Socioeconomic Background and Our Responsibility for Helping change the Situation

In recent years, in many industrialized countries, dental caries has been a controlled disease, especially because of the widespread use of fluoridated toothpastes by their population. On the other hand, dental erosion has increased among children as well as adults, and many researchers are aware of this problem, since several articles have been published concerning this dental pathology in comparison to the early 70’s, when little was published about dental erosion in the literature. The erosive process starts on enamel with partial demineralization of the surface which results in a decrease in hardness (surface softening). The responsible acids stem from intrinsic (such as eating disorders or gastric reflux) or extrinsic sources. One important extrinsic factor in erosive tooth wear is the high consumption of acidic drinks and food.

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An Empirical Assessment of the operational efficiency of electronic banking: Evidence of Nigerian banks

This study assessed the operational efficiency of electronic banking in Nigeria with a focus on the twenty-one Commercial banks listed on the Nigerian stock exchange at the end of year 2010. It examined the practice of e-banking since its inception in Nigeria in order to determine the significance of its relationship with improvement in core banking operations. Secondary data were used for this study.

Correlation technique as well as simple percentage were used to analyzed the data, and the student’s t-distribution was used to test the hypotheses. The study revealed that the practice of e-banking in Nigeria is significantly related to increased operational efficiency of Nigerian banks, though the security problem was found to exist. Based on these findings, the researchers recommend among others that government through CBN should provide adequate security measures towards the various e-banking products in Nigeria.

Legal reporting in Forensic odontology

Examination of teeth in many ways forms a unique part of human body as they are most durable and resilient part of the skeleton. The science dealing with establishing identity of a person by teeth is popularly known as Forensic Odontology or Forensic Dentistry. Dental professionals have a major role to play in keeping accurate dental records and providing all necessary information so that legal authorities may recognize malpractice, negligence, fraud or abuse, and identity of unknown individuals. Apart from the documentation provided by the International Organization for Forensic Odontostomatology, there is a paucity of literature available pertaining to the guidelines of an ideal and legal forensic odontology reporting. This limitation of the literature prompted the author to offer some more elaboration to the current guidelines, which can be easily adopted by forensic odontologists.

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Rethinking the “Buy-Side”: Shifting the Governance Focus Back to Institutional Investors

The regulatory responses in the major financial markets to the global financial crisis have largely followed the predictable path of focusing on the “sell-side” of securitisation bonds and other complex financial products. The investment banks and other promoters of these products have been subjected – in common with regulatory responses to previous financial crises – to an increased regulatory burden as to how they conduct their business. Less attention, however, has been paid to the extent to which institutional investors might bear some degree of responsibility for the losses suffered by them when allocating funds under management to complex financial products.

The Scope of Application of Fair Trial Rights in Criminal Matters-Comparing ICCPR with Chinese Law

The definition of “criminal charge” determines the scope of application of fair trial rights. In definition of “criminal charge”, the way of autonomous interpretation is adopted in order to avoid the national authorities evading the obligations of guaranteeing fair trial rights. China has a considerable number of administrative sanctions that may belong to “criminal” category. The preliminary investigation before the initiation of criminal proceedings in China amounts to “charge”. When ratifying ICCPR, China should make reservations concerning applying fair trial rights in correction of illegal conducts through education and other serious administrative sanctions, and reform the preliminary investigation system and case filing system to make the preliminary investigation be the sign of initiation of criminal proceedings.

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Dominating the War Marketplace: A Case for Expanded Strategic Education in the US Army Acquisition Officer Corps

This article argues for expanding the Army Acquisition Corps’ traditional Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) focus of graduate education programs for its junior field grade and senior company grade officers to include National Security, and Strategic Studies programs.

Implementing this change will increase the acquisition corps’ intellectual capital to manage the evolving assumptions about future wars and adversaries inherent in the Army’s 30 year modernization strategy. Currently Army acquisition branch limits the scope of graduate programs for Army Acquisition Officers to Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) graduate programs. While the latter programs are vital to the mission of the acquisition corps, expanding the educational scope to include Strategic and National Security graduate programs will grow a segment of junior acquisition officers that make cost, schedule and performance decisions with a more intimate understanding of increasingly complex strategic security environment.

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Assess the advantages and disadvantages of Wild and Cultured Fish

Socio economic circumstances divide the fishing as natural and cultured occupation. While the naturally available fishes in the water bodies are termed as ‘wild fish’, fishes cultivated under the controlled atmosphere are called ‘Cultured’ fishes. While the wild fishes emphasizes good taste, and highly nutritious for the human body. However, human intervention contaminates the nature, leading to pollution. Cultured fish is processed one, farmed for the import and export purposes. Commercial and economic purposes determine the quality of the fish here, which is termed as hygienic and nutritious. While the wild fish is closely associated with social activities, cultured fish is in the hands of commercial elements and highlights the economic aspects of fish farming.

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Effects Based Alternative Knowledge Management system in Joint Military Strategies of the Norwegian Force

Norwegian armed force conduct military operations within Norway and outside. While conducting joint operations as a part of International treaties, Norwegian armed force follows a strategy of collecting information, process, and sharing the same effectively for the success of the military operation. Traditionally, the force was using a knowledge management strategy called ‘Centre of Gravity’ (COG) in planning and executing joint military operations.  Unlike the traditional military operations, the modern conflict involves several complexities like state or non-state operators and it is always not desirable to rely on the center of gravity knowledge management system. It is always desirable to develop alternative strategies to get prepared for any eventualities using effect based knowledge management strategies.

Promotion of Mediation in the New Century through Legislation

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) developed very quickly in the last century. With litigation being viewed as expensive and lengthy, ADR is known for its low cost, efficiency, flexibility and user-friendliness. Various forms of ADR have been developed to accommodate different types of disputes. The Chinese culture attaches great importance to the application of mediation to resolve disputes; however, mediation has also been widely used by other countries. Entering the new century, we have witnessed another round of wave for the promotion of mediation for various types of disputes. People are starting to seriously consider the means to promote mediation in the society.

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Some Factors That Hinder Women Participation in Social, Political and Economic Activities in Tanzania

The reality of the women of southern Africa, including Tanzania, is that they remain a vulnerable marginalized group that is yet to enjoy equality in status and access to services and resources with their counterparts. Women are found at the “bottom rung of poverty, of illiteracy, of landlessness” and are concentrated in rural areas where facilities and services are scarce.

Women are the most affected by negative impacts of economic adjustment programmes. Cuts in social expenditure such as in health and education mostly affect women and girls who are victims of the worst forms of violence. The customary laws have given men more power and control over resources and decision-making processes, hence making the system both patriarchal and undemocratic. This has led to widely differing access to resources and decision-making processes, which is partly the reason why women’s socio-economic and political status remain low.

Disappointing Doctrine

With the much-anticipated August 2011 release of Joint Publication, 5-0, Joint Planning, our hopes for greater clarity regarding “design” were immediately dashed. This latest iteration of JP 5-0 confuses rather than simplifies how design should be embraced by planners. As envisioned by political scientists such as Herbert Simon, design offers an approach for addressing ill-structured problems— those that cannot be successfully resolved using traditional linear, analytical approaches like that offered by the methodology of the U.S. military’s Joint Operation Planning Process (JOPP).

Unraveling ill-structured problems is perplexing because by their nature such problems are interactively complex and often have incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements; attempts to solve them often reveal or create other, even more challenging complications 1. Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber, urban planners at the University of California at Berkeley in the 1970s, wrote about such problems in a 1973 article, “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning,” observing that there was a whole realm of problems that could not be successfully treated with traditional linear approaches.

Is Systematic Neuropathological Examination of the Whole Brain Ethically and Scientifically Licit in Forensic Context?

To date, the whole brain is classically freshly examined during the autopsy, and can be removed in entirety in order to perform a complementary neuropathological examination. Is-it legitimate to bury a corpse without the brain – this symbolic organ – in order to satisfy the physician’s curiosity and/or the scientific necessity? Indeed, brain is an organ with a strong symbolic signification.

In order to estimate the accuracy of such post-mortem neuropathological examination of the whole brain, a brief survey was carried out in the Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine of the R. Poincaré University Hospital (West Paris, France) between 2009 and 2011. On a total of 32 brains (=13.4%) removed on a total of 238 autopsies of adult individuals (in a good state of preservation, without exteriorization of the intracranial structures) and get full analysis by a neuropathologist, the final diagnostic of the cause of death given at the end of the autopsy was never changed.

New Media: A Potential Mechanism to Exacerbate Health-Related Disparities

The way Americans get their news and information is changing. Newspaper newsrooms are approximately 30% smaller than in 2000, network news suffered its sixth consecutive year of declines in viewership, and for the first time in 12 years, the audience for cable news fell substantially. As these declines occur, web-based news reading and information gathering has significantly increased. According to 2011 data from the Pew Internet and American Life Project, roughly 78% of American adults are now using the internet, up from 14% in 1995. Of these, 76% say they use the internet to read the news, and 83% to search for health and medical-related information.

Despite overall increases in internet use, there are still those that lag behind in adoption, namely non-Hispanic blacks and those with lower income and educational attainment. While some reports suggest that this so-called ‘digital divide’ may be narrowing over time with the increasing adoption of mobile devices and access to broadband, others have suggested otherwise. Even if all groups were assured equal access to technology, the ability to derive equal benefit from its resources may still persist.

Improving Patient Care, Medical Education, and Biomedical Research in the United States: The Role of Social Media

The healthcare system is one of the largest and most important multinational enterprises in the United States. Healthcare service is comprised of three essential activities including patient-care, education, and research. In 2008, over 14 million residents in the United States were employed in the healthcare field, excluding related industries such as insurance and pharmaceutical companies.

The United States spends roughly $8,000 per person, per year on healthcare (a growing figure), which is 51% more than the nation with the next largest expenditure. A significant amount of this spending is on health research activities (e.g. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Although this spending is a noteworthy share of the Nation’s Gross Domestic Product, it can be valuable if products are produced that can put this money back into the system. The development of new knowledge and products via healthcare research activities is one viable method of replacing this capital.

The Performance of Agricultural Cooperative Societies under the National Programme on Food Security in Enugu State, Nigeria

National programme on Food Security (NPFS) is a special programme introduced by the Federal government of Nigeria on agricultural activities in order to increase food production in the country. This study is therefore an appraisal of the performance of agricultural cooperative in the National food security programme. The study was carried out in Aniri Local Government Area of Enugu State. The specific objective of the study are to ascertain the socio-economic characteristics of farmers; identify the services available to farmers in the NPFS; determine the extent agricultural services are accessible in the NPFS, appraise the effect of using agricultural cooperative societies in the implementation of NPFS as well as examine the challenges.

Index Factors for Assessing the Scientific Journal Validity, It's Articles and Their Authors

The transition from the 20th to the 21st century was one of the most dynamic periods in the history of science and scientific journals. Numerous articles are almost entirely prepared in electronic form, so the creation of many databases with full texts become relatively easy problem to solve. A large number of the journals appeared in form of open access in electronic form available for end users - readers. But often the question raises about the value of these scientific journals with journals that are still available and already present on a commercial basis. In particular, this applies to journals within medicine, where reliability and quality, or the credibility of the information itself is of great importance for science itself.

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Harmonisation of Private International Law - Is It Possible At All?

The European Union (EU) entered a new stage in the process of reducing the deficit of democratic legitimation of its politics. April 1st marks the start of the European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI). The ECI is new instrument for EU citizens to participate directly in influencing the development and setting of European law.

The Lisbon Treaty of December 2009 brought about major changes in the architecture of the EU e.g. concerning competences of and decision-making by the European Council, the Council of Ministers, the European Commission and the European Parliament. A further innovation the Lisbon treaty brought about is the ECI. Its legal basis is Article 11: “Not less than one million citizens who are nationals of a significant number of Member States may take the initiative of inviting the European Commission, within the framework of its powers, to submit any appropriate proposal on matters where citizens consider that a legal act of the Union is required for the purpose of implementing the Treaties”.

The Role of Malaysian Leaders in Nation Building Process (1957-2003)

Generally, this paper discusses Malaysia’s nation building process that includes the changing of national understanding from Sultanate perspective towards democratic nation. In 1957, Malaya achieved its independence.

Ethnic Malays through United Malays National Organization (UMNO), ethnic Chinese through Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and ethnic Indian through Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) are the major political parties, which at that time maintained separate identities, based on ethnicity. However, they had to compromise and unify for independence. This paper will also touch on the factors, which influenced the process of nation building, especially internal and external factors. The role of several important leaders, especially former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed, their policies and actions to develop and establish Malaysia’s nation building process, is discussed.

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Re-entry of Expatriate and Multinational Development

The concentrated on the management, and support of international assignments, this research deals with what could be called the post-assignment stage. Re-entry, though, raises issues for both the expatriate and the multinational, some of which may be connected to events that occurred during the international assignment. We treat this stage as part of the international assignment. We examine the process of re-entry or repatriation, job-related issues, social factors including family factors that affect reentry and work adjustment, multinational responses to repatriate concerns, return on investment (ROI), and designing a repatriation program.

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Selected Perspective Methods of Research of Barrier materials Resistance against Permeability of under interest Toxic Substances

Determination of resistance materials protection properties used for Armed Forces Chemical Corps (CCs) and any other Rescue Brigades specialists individual protection forms basic demands for their evaluation and possibilities of improvement within a respect of a reduced amount of financial resources which are detached into a nations Ministries of Defence budget.

A paper deals with selected methods used for study of the resistance against toxic compounds permeation within the Czech Armed Forces and marks possible trends of individual protection branch development with the application based on QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) detection. Is this method suitable for testing of barrier properties of materials used in Individual protection or we can rely on the standard methods working on chemical detection principle?

“ Pharma patienthood ” : The Patient Constructed in Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising

Over the last 15 years there has been a large body of research and considerable public debate on direct to-consumer (DTC) advertising for prescription pharmaceuticals. Concerns include the accuracy, fairness, consequences, and gender messages of these advertisements. Less attention has been paid to the role of DTC advertisement in the social construction of patienthood in American society.

Based on a content analysis of a sample of 40 broadcast DTC ads, this paper addresses two questions: What is a patient as constructed through this communication channel? What are the messages about what how patients should feel and act embedded in DTC advertising? In short, we seek to understand what might be called the construction of pharma patienthood. Moreover, we argue that the scripting of patienthood in DTC pharmaceutical advertising forms part of a discourse regime that can be read as containing meanings, communicated through sights and sounds, that produce a subject, namely the modern patient.

Mass Communication and Journalism

The changing media landscape was the result of the transformation of media technology led to the so called” media morphosis”. Media morphosis is the normal transformation of communication media from the traditional media, such as the print media and electronic media to the nontraditional media, such as the computer, the direct to home satellite, cable TV, WWW web, and the social media, which sometimes identified with Web 2.0 such as wikis, podcasts, blogs, and the Internet forums or discussion boards. The social media do not actually arise spontaneously and independently, but they have emerged gradually from the metamorphosis of older media. The new electronic communication media will offer possibilities for greater change in society.

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Urinary Continence and Sexual Functioning (Risk Factors and Prevention for Disorders of Sexual Intercourse in Persons with UI)

Researchers often state that urinary incontinence (UI) has unfavorable consequences for the sexual functioning of persons who are affected by this disorder. Is this in fact the case? What decides whether the sexual life of persons with UI will deteriorate - or improve? Could it have something to do with UI during intercourse itself?

From the research available to date it can be inferred that while UI can indeed affect the sexual functioning of partners, still, UI is not the only factor, nor is it the only important factor, affecting the evaluation of the quality of sexual life. This has been confirmed by some of the earlier research performed by our team, which indicated that UI in women can affect marital functioning, especially sexual relations, which is manifested inter alia by earlier withdrawal from sexual activity, especially in women for whom this aspect of life is of less importance, or by a change in the strategy for coping with UI during intercourse.

The Effect of Poor Implementation of Tax Policies on Developing Economies. A study of Nigerian Economy, (1999-2010)

A tax policy represents key resource allocator between the public and private sectors in a country. It is usually imposed on individuals and entity that make up a country. The funds provided by tax are used by the states to support certain state obligations such as education systems, health care systems, pensions for the elderly, unemployment benefits, and public transportation.

A nation’s tax system is often a reflection of its communal values or the values of those in power. To create a system of taxation, a nation must make choices regarding the distribution of the tax burden, who will pay taxes, how much they will pay and how the taxes collected will be spent. In Nigeria, the taxation system dates back to 1904 when the personal income tax was introduced in Northern Nigeria before the unification of the country by the colonial masters. It was later implemented through the Native Revenue Ordinances to the western and Eastern regions in 1917 and 1928, respectively.

The need of Social Science and Community approaches in Human Nutrition in Tertiary Education

Human Nutrition entails the study of the food-depended growth, maintenance and repair of the body, and comprises a necessary component of tertiary education in health. Human Nutrition science has received special attention over the past three decades, although adequate nutrition instruction is not always provided in universities or is not provided within designated Nutrition courses. Nutrition is coming to the fore as a major modifiable determinant of chronic disease, with scientific evidence increasingly supporting the view that alterations in diet have strong effects, both positive and negative, on health throughout all human life.

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Profiling of High Risk Profiles of Clients in Order to Prevent Money Laundering and Terrorism

Money laundering is not only a process that is associated with the functioning of criminal organizations, but it is an indicator of their success. Moreover,money laundering, providing a steady stream of capital that allows criminal organizations to buy protection through the corruption of government officials and members of law enforcement. 

How it makes money laundering attractive target for law enforcement agencies, even more criminal organizations are becoming more energetic and bring even more innovations in the provision of transformation of their illegal initiatives into usable assets. The result is that money laundering is one of the most important links between the criminal world and the legitimate society. Money laundering is one of the ways in which criminal organizations wish to penetrate into the legal economy and often involve seemingly respectable members of society (bankers, lawyers, etc.). Admission of money laundering to flourish undisturbed will have corrosive impact on the integrity of financial institutions.

European Citizen's Initiative - A Useful Instrument for NGOs to Influence EU-Law?

The European Union (EU) entered a new stage in the process of reducing the deficit of democratic legitimation of its politics. April 1st marks the start of the European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI). The ECI is new instrument for EU citizens to participate directly in influencing the development and setting of European law (e.g. regulations and directives).

To look back: The Lisbon Treaty of December 2009 brought about major changes in the architecture of the EU e.g. concerning competences of and decision-making by the European Council, the Council of Ministers, the European Commission and the European Parliament. A further innovation the Lisbon treaty brought about is the ECI. Its legal basis is Article 11: “Not less than one million citizens who are nationals of a significant number of Member States may take the initiative of inviting the European Commission, within the framework of its powers, to submit any appropriate proposal on matters where citizens consider that a legal act of the Union is required for the purpose of implementing the Treaties”.

Small Is Democratic, But Who Is Small?

Research on democratic government suggests that small states are more likely to be democratic than large states. Indeed, an abundance of findings support this belief: state size is a more useful category than degree of development or geographic location for understanding the prerequisites for democracy, a large majority of micro states are democracies compared to a much smaller portion of larger countries, there is a significant correlation between small island states and democracy, with a decrease in the size of the political unit, the likelihood of durable freedom and democracy increases. 

Evaluation of the Learning Environment at the Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University: Students Perceptions

This study aimed at evaluating the learning environment among undergraduate medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, and recommending remedial measures for further enhancement of students’ learning experiences.

The study was a descriptive, cross sectional study. The target population included the undergraduate students from year 1 to year 6 during the academic year (2009-2010). The sample size was 316 students (sample size was originally estimated 326; students’ response rate was 96.9%). The instrument used in this study was The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaire which is a validated and reliable tool. The 50 items of the questionnaire encompasses five subscales: perceptions of learning, perceptions of teachers (course organizers), academic self-perceptions, perceptions of atmosphere and social self-perceptions.

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Competency Model to guide the pre-requisite qualities of the senior military attaches

Diplomacy is one of the key components of the foreign and military policy of any nation. Diplomats are said to have high negotiating power to influence the fellow nations towards its national policies on defense, national development, agriculture, foreign trade etc. Superior level military diplomats are particularly expected to maintain certain characteristic features that differentiate them from the junior level diplomats. Building a competency model is crucial to enhance the capabilities of the senior level military attaches or diplomats to complete their military or diplomatic missions successfully.

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Socioeconomic and Cultural Influences on the Prevalence of Obesity and Underweight

With great pleasure, I welcome you to the inaugural issue of new peer-reviewed, scientific publication—Antropology. How we can read on Home Page of the journal “Anthropology is the study of humankind and the behaviour of humans according to the diversity of societies from the origin to the present day. Anthropology explains both biological and sociocultural aspects of humans and related species like primates throughout the evolutionary period.”

With great pleasure, I welcome you to the inaugural issue of new peer-reviewed, scientific publication—Antropology. How we can read on Home Page of the journal “Anthropology is the study of humankind and the behaviour of humans according to the diversity of societies from the origin to the present day. Anthropology explains both biological and sociocultural aspects of humans and related species like primates throughout the evolutionary period.”

Observations on Change

Observations by outsiders can be informative, provocative, and sometimes even helpful. I write this essay as an outsider observer to Mass Communication and Journalism from the relative safety of my Organizational Communication academic enclave and ask how you are reacting to three readily apparent (from my vantage point) crises.

What are the three crises? First, the Mass Communication and Journalism fields are losing full-time paid positions hand over fist. For instance, the decline of traditional revenue sources is leading to staff reductions in newsrooms, budgets are ever tighter, and lower salaries will prevail in the future. In corporation’s worldwide, engineers as well as accountants, web designers, and human resource professionals with internet savvy are taking over Information Officer, Communication Specialist, and Public Relations positions. Second, the future of much of the world’s news information will be generated by those untrained in your fields.

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